Kaligrafi Arab / Khot arab (Arabic Calligraphy), Lukisan Kaligrafi

August 5, 2010 at 4:34 am (Kaligrafi arab)
Tags: arab, hiasan, kaligrafi, khat, khot, qur'an, seni, tulisan

Jenis-jenis Kaligrafi Arab

1. Naskh atau Khot Naskhy

Naskh adalah salah satu skrip yang paling awal berkembang. Kemudian mendapatkan popularitas setelah didesain ulang oleh kaligrafer terkenal Ibnu Muqlah di abad ke-10. Karena sistem yang komprehensif Ibn Muqlah tentang proporsi, gaya Naskh menampilkan baris yang sangat ritmis.

Naskh kemudian telah direformasi oleh Ibn al-Bawaab dan lain-lain ke dalam script elegan layak Al-Quran – dan kebanyakan Alquran telah ditulis dengan Naskh dari pada semua skrip yang lain. Karena script ini yang relatif mudah untuk membaca dan menulisnya, Naskh menarik, khususnya untuk masyarakat umum.

Naskh biasanya ditulis dengan batang horizontal pendek – dan dengan kedalaman vertikal hampir sama di atas dan di bawah garis medial. Kurva yang penuh dan mendalam, lorong lurus dan vertikal, dan kata-kata umum dengan spasi yang baik . Saat ini, Naskh dianggap script tertinggi untuk hampir semua umat Islam dan Arab di seluruh dunia.

2. Khot Kaufi

Kufi adalah script imam yang dominan di masa awal. Saat itu dibuat setelah pembentukan dua kota Muslim Basrah dan Kufah dalam dekade kedua era Islam (AD abad ke-8). Script ini memiliki ukuran proporsional tertentu, bersama dengan kekakuan karena kekurusan diucapkan dan kuadrat. Ini dikenal sebagai al-Khat al-Kufi (Kufi script).

skrip Kufi telah berpengaruh besar pada semua kaligrafi Islam. Berbeda dengan vertikal rendah, Kufi memiliki garis horizontal yang diperpanjang. Script ini jauh lebih lebar daripada tinggi. Ini memberinya momentum dinamis tertentu. Script sering dipilih untuk digunakan pada permukaan oblong. Dengan yang Handasi mulia (geometri) konstruksi, Kufi bisa diadaptasi untuk setiap ruang dan bahan – dari kotak sutra ke monumen arsitektur yang ditinggalkan oleh Timur di Samarqand.

Karena skrip Kufi tidak dikenakan aturan ketat, ahli kaligrafi itu mempekerjakan hampir tangan bebas dalam konsepsi dan pelaksanaan hias yang bentuk.

Varian paling unik naskah Kufic adalah:

Al-Kufi al-Mukhammal:

menulis menonjol dengan latar belakang desain bunga dan geometris superimposing pergerakan script di atas pergerakan pola yang mendasari.

Al-Kufi al-Muzaffar:

Aliran dari campuran kata-kata indah dengan cara yang unik dengan pergerakan vertikal menekankan dan huruf tebal.

Al-Kufi al-Handasi:

Komposisi didasarkan pada bentuk geometri terjalinnya – termasuk lingkaran, kotak, dan segitiga – dengan kata-kata.

Kufic hias ini versi diaplikasikan pada permukaan benda-benda seni dan arsitektur termasuk permukaan plesteran, kayu, genteng, logam, kaca, gading, tekstil, dan batu bata.

http://www.islamicart.com/main/calligraphy/styles/naskh.html

3. Khot Diwani dan diwani Jali

script Deewani adalah pengembangan Utsmani sejajar dengan Shikasteh (gaya patah). Script tersebut sebagian besar dikembangkan oleh kaligrafer Ibrahim Munif dicapai pada abad ke-15 dari / Ta’liq Turki Persia. Deewani mencapai puncaknya pada abad ke-17, berkat Shala kaligrafer terkenal Pasha.

Seperti Riq’a, Deewani menjadi script favorit untuk menulis di kedutaan Ottoman. Deewani adalah terlalu kursif dan sangat terstruktur dengan huruf yang tidak biasa undotted dan bergabung bersama. Tidak menggunakan tanda vokal. Deewani juga mengembangkan berbagai hias disebut Deewani Jali yang juga dikenal sebagai Humayuni (Imperial). Pengembangan Deewani Jali dikreditkan ke Hafiz Usman. Ruang antara huruf kelip dengan perangkat dekoratif yang tidak selalu memiliki nilai ortografi. Jali Deewani sangat disukai untuk keperluan pajangan.

3. Khot Tsuluts

Thuluth skrip pertama kali dirumuskan dalam abad ke-7 selama khalifah Umayyah, tapi tidak berkembang sepenuhnya sampai akhir abad ke-9. Nama itu berarti ‘sepertiga’ – mungkin karena proporsi garis lurus dengan kurva, atau mungkin karena naskah itu ukuran yang ketiga lain script populer kontemporer. Meskipun jarang digunakan untuk menulis Al Qur’an, Thuluth telah menikmati popularitas besar sebagai skrip hias untuk prasasti kaligrafi, judul, judul, dan kolofon. Hal ini masih yang paling penting dari semua skrip hias.

Thuluth script ditandai dengan surat tertulis melengkung dengan kepala berduri. Surat-surat terkait dan kadang-kadang berpotongan, sehingga melahirkan aliran kursif proporsi yang cukup dan sering kompleks. Thuluth dikenal dengan grafis yang rumit dan plastisitas yang luar biasa.

Lukisan Kaligrafi

Surat Al-Inshirah

Chapter 68 Al-Qalam -The Pen-verse 4 And verily, you (O Muhammad SAW) are on an exalted standard of character.     Al-Inshirah, Chapter #94, Verse #1 1 Have We not opened your breast for you (O Muhammad (Peace be upon him))? 2 And removed from you your burden, 3 Which weighed down your back? 4 And raised high your fame? 5 So verily, with the hardship, there is relief, 6 Verily, with the hardship, there is relief (i.e. there is one hardship with two reliefs, so one hardship cannot overcome two reliefs). 7 So when you have finished (from your occupation), then stand up for Allahs worship (i.e. stand up for prayer). 8 And to your Lord (Alone) turn (all your intentions and hopes and) your invocations         . Chapter 17 Al-Isra The night journey 1 Glorified (and Exalted) be He (Allah) (above all that (evil) they associate with Him),Who took His slave (Muhammad SAW) for a journey by night from Al-Masjid-al-Haram (at Makkah) to the farthest mosque (in Jerusalem), the neighbourhood whereof We have blessed, in order that We might show him (Muhammad SAW) of Our Ayat (proofs, evidences, lessons, signs, etc.). Verily, He is the All-Hearer, the All-Seer.           Chapter 96 Al-Alaq The Clot 3 Read! And your Lord is the Most Generous, 4 Who has taught (the writing) by the pen (the first person to write was Prophet Idrees (Enoch) ), 5 Has taught man that which he knew not.           An-Noor, Sura #24, The Light ( *** text in black color is the rest of the verse, but not written in the painting) 35 Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The parable of His Light is as (if there were) a niche and within it a lamp, the lamp is in glass, the glass as it were a brilliant star, lit from a blessed tree, an olive, neither of the east (i.e. neither it gets sun-rays only in the morning) nor of the west (i.e. nor it gets sun-rays only in the afternoon, but it is exposed to the sun all day long), whose oil would almost glow forth (of itself), though no fire touched it. Light upon Light! Allah guides to His Light whom He wills. And Allah sets forth parables for mankind, and Allah is All-Knower of everything. Surah 2. The Cow, Alqursi verse 255. Allah. There is no god but He,-the Living, the Self-subsisting, Eternal. No slumber can seize Him nor sleep. His are all things in the heavens and on earth. Who is there can intercede in His presence except as He permitteth? He knoweth what (appeareth to His creatures as) before or after or behind them. Nor shall they compass aught of His knowledge except as He willeth. His Throne doth extend over the heavens and the earth, and He feeleth no fatigue in guarding and preserving them for He is the Most High, the Supreme (in glory).     Chapter 113 Al-Falaq, The day break 1. Say: “I seek refuge with (Allah) the Lord of the daybreak, 2. “From the evil of what He has created; 3. “And from the evil of the darkening (night) as it comes with its darkness; (or the moon as it sets or goes away). 4. “And from the evil of the witchcrafts when they blow in the knots, 5. “And from the evil of the envier when he envies.”           Al-Qalam, Chapter #68, Verse #4         4 And verily, you (O Muhammad SAW) are on an exalted standard of character. Taha, Chapter #20, Verse #114 “……….and say: “My Lord! Increase me in knowledge.””            Chapter 65,At-Talaq, Verse #2 3. And whosoever puts his trust in Allah, then He will suffice him. Verily, Allah will accomplish his purpose.     Chapter 112 Al-Ikhlas, Absoluteness(In the middle)         1. Say (O Muhammad (Peace be upon him)): “He is Allah, (the) One. 2. “Allah-us-Samad (The Self-Sufficient Master, Whom all creatures need, He neither eats nor drinks). 3. “He begets not, nor was He begotten; 4. “And there is none co-equal or comparable unto Him.” Chapter 113 Al-Falaq, The day break       1. Say: “I seek refuge with (Allah) the Lord of the daybreak, 2. “From the evil of what He has created; 3. “And from the evil of the darkening (night) as it comes with its darkness; (or the moon as it sets or goes away). 4. “And from the evil of the witchcrafts when they blow in the knots, 5. “And from the evil of the envier when he envies.”         Chapter 114 An-Nas, The mankind         1. Say: “I seek refuge with (Allah) the Lord of mankind, 2. “The King of mankind, 3. “The Ilah (God) of mankind, 4. “From the evil of the whisperer (devil who whispers evil in the hearts of men) who withdraws (from his whispering in ones heart after one remembers Allah) , 5. “Who whispers in the breasts of mankind, 6. “Of jinns and men.”         Muhammad, Chapter #47, Verse #19 19 So know (O Muhammad ??? ???? ???? ????) that, La ilaha illallah (none has the right to be worshipped but Allah) ,An-Najm, Chapter #53, Verse #43 43 And that it is He (Allah) Who makes (whom He wills) laugh, and makes (whom He wills) weep.        Az-Zumar, Chapter #39, Verse #53 53 Say: “O ‘Ibadi (My slaves) who have transgressed against themselves (by committing evil deeds and sins)! Despair not of the Mercy of Allah: verily, Allah forgives all sins. Truly He is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.  Nooh, Chapter #71, Verse #28 28 “O my Lord! Forgive me, my parents, all who enter my house in Faith, and (all) believing men and believing women: and to the wrong-doers grant Thou no increase but in perdition!” -”- There is no God but one God, Mohammad is the massenger of God. “-”praise be to Allah !” -” In the name of Allah”     Al-Fatiha, The Opening, Sura #1  1. In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Al-Inshirah, Chapter #94, Verse #1    1 Have We not opened your breast for you (O Muhammad (Peace be upon him))? 2 And removed from you your burden, 3 Which weighed down your back? 4 And raised high your fame? 5 So verily, with the hardship, there is relief, 6 Verily, with the hardship, there is relief (i.e. there is one hardship with two reliefs, so one hardship cannot overcome two reliefs). 7 So when you have finished (from your occupation), then stand up for Allahs worship (i.e. stand up for prayer). 8 And to your Lord (Alone) turn (all your intentions and hopes and) your invocations. Ash-Shams, The Sun, Chapter #91    1 And by the sun and its brightness; 2 And by the moon as it follows it (the sun); 3 And by the day as it shows up (the suns) brightness; 4 And by the night as it conceals it (the sun); 5 And by the heaven and Him Who built it; 6 And by the earth and Him Who spread it, 7 And by Nafs (Adam or a person or a soul, etc.), and Him Who perfected him in proportion; 8 Then He showed him what is wrong for him and what is right for him; 9 Indeed he succeeds who purifies his ownself (i.e. obeys and performs all that Allah ordered, by following the true Faith of Islamic Monotheism and by doing righteous good deeds). 10 And indeed he fails who corrupts his ownself (i.e. disobeys what Allah has ordered by rejecting the true Faith of Islamic Monotheism or by following polytheism, etc. or by doing every kind of evil wicked deeds). 11 Thamood (people) denied (their Prophet) through their transgression (by rejecting the true Faith of Islamic Monotheism, and by following polytheism, and by committing every kind of sin). 12 When the most wicked man among them went forth (to kill the she-camel).    Chapter 113 Al-Falaq, The day break 1. Say: “I seek refuge with (Allah) the Lord of the daybreak, 2. “From the evil of what He has created; 3. “And from the evil of the darkening (night) as it comes with its darkness; (or the moon as it sets or goes away). 4. “And from the evil of the witchcrafts when they blow in the knots, 5. “And from the evil of the envier when he envies.” Chapter 114 An-Nas, The mankind 1. Say: “I seek refuge with (Allah) the Lord of mankind, 2. “The King of mankind, 3. “The Ilah (God) of mankind, 4. “From the evil of the whisperer (devil who whispers evil in the hearts of men) who withdraws (from his whispering in ones heart after one remembers Allah) , 5. “Who whispers in the breasts of mankind, 6. “Of jinns and men.”    Chapter 12, Yusuf, Joseph, Verse #64 …… But Allah is the best to take care (of him), and He is the Most Merciful of those who show mercy!”     Al-Ikhlas, Absoluteness 1 Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; 2 Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; 3 He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; 4 And there is none like unto Him. Al-Ankaboot, The Spider, Chapter #29, Verse #45 45 Recite what is sent of the Book by inspiration to thee, and establish regular Prayer: for Prayer restrains from shameful and unjust deeds; and remembrance of Allah is the greatest (thing in life) without doubt. And Allah knows the (deeds) that ye do. Ar-Rad, The Thunder, Chapter #13, Verse #28 28………………the remembrance of Allah do hearts find satisfaction.    Al-Hujraat, The private apartments, Chapter #49, Verse #18 18 “Verily Allah knows the secrets of the heavens and the earth: and Allah Sees well all that ye do.”     Chapter 18 Al-Kahf The cave  It was better for you to say, when you entered your garden: That which Allah wills (will come to pass)! There is no power but with Allah . -Chapter 68 Al-Qalam The Pen 51 And verily, those who disbelieve would almost make you slip with their eyes through hatredness when they hear the Reminder (the Quran), and they say: “Verily, he (Muhammad SAW) is a madman!” -”All the praises and thanks be to Allah”     -La ilaha ill-Allah (none has the right to be worshipped but Allah), Muhammad (SAW) is the Messenger of Allah,  Al-Rahman, The Beneficient, Chapter #55, Verses #1-7 1 The Most Beneficent (Allah)! 2 Has taught (you mankind) the Quran (by His Mercy). 3 He created man. 4 He taught him eloquent speech. Al-Alaq, The Clot, Chapter #96, Verse #5  5 Taught man that which he knew not.  sumber : http://www.arabartgallery.com/decislam314.htm